Understanding the Current War on Gaza. Trans Rights
Quick links: Gaza. Genocide. Apartheid. Historical Context River to The Sea
Introduction
[Authors Note(23.10.24): Tragically, the slaughter has continued and expanded since uploading the site in February 2024.] This is a briefing sheet for anyone who wants to be able to have a good faith debate on the side of truth and justice. This is not academic writing, it is a series of briefings that provide tools for debunking.
There are a number of references for further investigation if anyone is interested, these include links to reports made by human rights organisations. (They are worth pursuing and as is the law4palestine database of 500 genocidal quotes.) This is not an original piece of work. It is based on the work of Norman Finklestein[i], Katie Halper[ii] and Mehdi Hassan[iii] as a starting point. (In any instances primary sources are sited from secondary sources, both are given.) The original intent was to fact check and provide credible references for a line of thinking I am sympathetic to. I am incredibly grateful for those who occupy the new media space, but those of us trying to talk to people, we need actual links to the references – so to everyone else, please follow those given here. This is also a heartfelt plea to friends and loved ones: “Please, prove me wrong”.
The Gaza strip is about the size of the Isle of Wight[iv]. Its’ population is estimated to be approximately 2.2 million. Along the shore Israel imposes a sea blockade and while there were 7 crossings usually only 3 are in operation[v]. (Currently there are two in operation.) Israel controls what goes in and what comes out of Gaza. Palestinians are unable to leave. Gaza has been described as an ‘open air prison’[vi]. (This formulation was repeated by non-other than David Cameron[vii].) However, there have also been accusations that it is a concentration camp. A concentration camp may be defined as: “a place where large numbers of people (such as prisoners of war, political prisoners, refugees, or the members of an ethnic or religious minority) are detained or confined under armed guard”[viii]. A more succinct definition is the: “Coercive confinement of people in a limited space.”[ix] (emphasis added)
As to whether Gaza qualifies as a concentration camp, Amira Hass (who lived in Gaza, is an Israeli journalist and daughter of Holocaust survivors) characterised Gaza as a concentration camp in 2009[x], interestingly Major General Giora Eiland (former head of the Israeli National Security Council, Strategic Planning Branch of the IDF[xi]) – agreed in March 2004[xii]. In addition, Baruch Kimmerling – in his book Politicide (page 169) describes Gaza as the “largest Concentration Camp ever”. (Baruch Kimmerling was an Israeli scholar and Professor of Sociology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.)[xiii]
Control of what goes in and out of Gaza is managed by the Israeli CLA and COGAT[xiv].
“Article 13 – Protection of the civilian population
1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall enjoy general protection against the dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this protection, the following rules shall be observed in all circumstances.
2. The civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shall not be the object of attack. Acts or threats of violence the primary purpose of which is to spread terror among the civilian population are prohibited.
3. Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this Part, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities.[xvi]”
The UN Definition of Genocide:
“Genocide as a crime committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, in whole or in part.[xvii]” There are two parts to the definition of genocide: the first is intent. Normally this is difficult to prove because of the heads of state try to hide any genocidal intent. The other test is obviously the scale of civilian death. To return to the first part, intent (note the overlap with quotations provided by the South African address to ICJ[xviii]):
Defence minister Galon said: “We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly[xix]”.
“Hamas has turned into ISIS, and the residents of Gaza, instead of being appalled, are celebrating. Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water [in Gaza], there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell.” Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian, head of COGAT[xx] (Note above in “Gaza” section that COGAT is the agency that regulates what goes in and out of Gaza.)
Defence Minister Yoav Gallant, said: “we will eliminate everything” in Gaza[xxi]. You will note that international law makes it illegal to punish people for crimes they did not commit[xxii]. (emphasis added.)
UN Secretary-General António Guterres described Gaza as a “graveyard for children”. More children have been killed in this conflict than in all conflicts put together in any single year since 2019 – we can’t stand by and let this continue, however hard it might be to end it[xxiii].
The UN Special Rapporteur said (24 October 2023) – “Israeli occupation forces kill, maim, orphan and detain hundreds of children in the occupied Palestinian territory every year, a UN expert said today, and their plight has multiplied in recent weeks.[xxiv]” Indeed she has warned that there is a serious risk of genocide in Gaza[xxv]. Other high-profile personnel would concur, as Craig Mokhiber who resigned from his post in protest of genocide being committed in Gaza[xxvi]. The human rights group ‘Center for Constitutional Rights’ has even filed a law suit alleging that “President Joe Biden, Secretary of State Antony Blinken, and Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin had violated US and international law by abetting Israel’s “genocide of the Palestinian people” in Gaza”[xxvii]. Some notable world leaders have characterised what Israel is doing in Gaza. For example, Turkey’s Erdogan calls on Israel to stop its attacks on Gaza ‘amounting to genocide’[xxviii].
At the opening of the 26th Meeting of the Sao Paulo Forum in Brasilia, Brazil’s Presidents Lula slams Israel’s war on Gaza as ‘genocide’[xxix]. The convention says the following on genocide:
“In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Israel Katz – Israeli Energy Minister said: “No electricity or water to Gaza until abductees returned home” . While Israeli Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu said: “North Gaza, more beautiful than ever. Blow up and flatten everything, delightful. After we are done, we allocate the lands of Gaza to the soldiers fighting and the settlers who lived in Gush Katif.”[xxx] While Isaac Herzog (13.1023) said: “It is an entire nation out there that is responsible,” as Israel ordered 1.1 million Palestinians to evacuate their homes.”[xxxi] Ominously, Revital Gotliv (Israeli Law Maker and Knesset member) called for the use of a ’Doomsday ‘ weapon to be dropped on Gaza[xxxii]. The Guardian notes “Giora Eiland, former IDF strategist and a previous head of Israel’s National Security Council, put it: “Israel needs to create a humanitarian crisis in Gaza, compelling tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands to seek refuge in Egypt or the Gulf … Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist.”[xxxiii]”
From Yoav Gallant: “We will end things inside Gaza […]. I have removed all restraints, [you’re allowed to] attack everything, kill those who fight us, whether there is one terrorist or there are hundreds of terrorists, [ordering to attack] through the air, land, with tanks, with bulldozers, by all means, there are no compromises. Gaza will not return to what it was.”[xxxiv]
Israel has been clear that in the bombardment of Gaza it has been prioritising “Damage over accuracy” in its’ campaign[xxxv].
Talking about the IDF, “They are committed to completely eliminating this evil from the world,” Netanyahu said in Hebrew. He then added: “You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember.”[xxxvi] (The story of the Amalek is telling because in this episode god tells the Israelites to slaughter all the men, women and children and cattle of the Amalek people.) Raz Segal is an associate professor of Holocaust and genocide studies has written that “Israel must stop weaponising the Holocaust”[xxxv ii]. He wrote ‘In the case of an assault on Gaza, accountability needs to begin from what is very clear: incitement to genocide”. The international lawyers group ‘Opinio Juris’ made a public statement on 15.10.23 warning of genocide in Gaza[xxxviii]. Some 800 scholars signed their open letter, including Marion Kaplan, Skirball Professor of Modern Jewish History (She is a three-times winner of the National Jewish Book Award for her non-fiction writing about German-Jewish history, Jewish refugees, and Holocaust history[xxxix]) and Omer Bartov who is considered a world leading authority on genocide[xl]. The Israeli newspaper Ha’Aretz headline noted “The Israeli Army Has dropped the Restraint in Gaza and the Data Shows Unprecedented Killing”[xli], whilst the magazine +925 reported the use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) to produce targets faster than they could be fired at. The magazine characterised the IDF operations as “A mass assassination factory”. Their account clearly demonstrates the use of terrorism:
“Compared to previous Israeli assaults on Gaza, the current war — which Israel has named “Operation Iron Swords,” and which began in the wake of the Hamas-led assault on southern Israel on October 7 — has seen the army significantly expand its bombing of targets that are not distinctly military in nature. These include private residences as well as public buildings, infrastructure, and high-rise blocks, which sources say the army defines as “power targets” (“matarot otzem”).
The bombing of power targets, according to intelligence sources who had first-hand experience with its application in Gaza in the past, is mainly intended to harm Palestinian civil society: to “create a shock” that, among other things, will reverberate powerfully and “lead civilians to put pressure on Hamas,” as one source put it.”[xlii]
The conscious targeting of civilians by IDF forces is not a new thing. The Dahiya Doctrine was developed and used in Lebanon in 2006: “Israel Defense Force Northern Commander Gadi Eisenkot, now the deputy chief of general staff, recommended and had approved the application of a military strategy that would target and destroy an entire civilian area rather than fight to overtake fortified positions one by one. This was in an effort to minimize IDF casualties while at the same time holding the entire civilian populace accountable for the actions of a few. A move some called revolutionary in modern warfare, the doctrine did away with the effort to distinguish between militant and civilian, using an overwhelming display of force through airstrikes to destroy the entire Lebanese Dahiya quarter.
The strategy itself calls for the deliberate targeting of civilians and civilian infrastructure in order to induce suffering and severe distress throughout the targeted population in the hope they will take outn their frustration on their rulers. This is called terrorism. By targeting indiscriminately, the IDF hopes to deter further military attacks against Israel, destroy its enemies, as well as influence the population to oust the militants seen as the primary target. The IDF has planned on using the strategy since 2008, and is seen as doing so in the current conflict in Gaza based on the increasing number of civilian casualties… “ “The Dahiya Doctrine amounts to the direct use of state terrorism and is now the functioning military policy of the IDF.”[xliii]
The following quote is helpful for clarifying what is meant by terrorism:
“The United Nations Security Council, it its resolution 1566 of October 2004, elaborates this definition, stating that terrorists acts are “criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act.””[xliv]
In other words, terrorism is the murder of civilians in order to provoke the population it into changing its’ rulers.
In terms of civilian deaths, it is now statistically impossible for this war to be about Hamas. Laith Abu Reddad has modelled the mortality in Gaza using disease modelling techniques and shown clearly that civilians are the primary target[xlv]. Non-combatants (innocent civilians), at the time of the paper, were 7 times more likely to be killed than Hamas combatants. Laith Abu Reddad estimates 28, 000 dead of whom he calculates approximately 7000 will Hamas militants, and shows how Israeli military policy has evolved over time. The clear trend is always to increasing civilian deaths (figures from the Al Jazeera news article as sited).
To get an idea of the scale of the destruction have a look at the current before and after map of Gaza in the financial times Jan 7th 2024. This article estimates 22, 000 Palestinians dead, and doesn’t mention the number possibly under rubble. Link here
Additional Relevant Sources of Information
The South African Submission to the (International Court of Justice) ICJ of 29.12.23[xlvi]
“Law for Gaza” documents some 500 genocidal statements from Israeli politicians, military leaders and personnel, and Las Makers[xlvii].
“Crimes by Israel” is a site that references Israeli breaches of International Law[xlviii] in its’ military operations.
“Gaza 23” has a collection of videos documenting genocide[xlix].
In 2006 Hamas agreed to participate in an election in Gaza and won. “Jimmy” Carter pronounced them honest and fair elections[li].
However, shortly afterwards Hilary Clinton suggested that the united states made a mistake, and that the US should have rigged the election[lii]. Fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah (PLO) fighters and the conflict ended with Hamas assuming full control of Gaza (even though they had won a legitimate election). Economic sanctions were then imposed on Gaza. The blockade of Gaza then began in the Autumn of 2007.
Of that blockaded population 70% are refugees or descendants of refugees[liii]. Half of the population is children[liv], that is under the age of 18. Approximately, 70% are children and women, who represent 67% of all the deaths in the recent was on Gaza[lv].
The blockade started in 2006. Israel controlled everything that went in and out of Gaza. There was a time (2007) when the Israelis calculated a “starvation plus” calorific diet for the Palestinians[lvi]. One could note the similarity with the Nazi Peenemunde Rocket Factory where starvation rations were calculated to keep their slave labour alive for 6 months only[lvii].
Operations in Gaza
Israel has a phrase for it’s operations in Gaza – it’s called “Mowing the Lawn[lviii]”. This phrase refers to the act of killing Palestinians.
· Operation “Cast Lead” 2008 – 2009; as a result, approximately 1400 Palestinians were killed[lix] some 300 or so children were killed[lx] and significant civilian targets including 3,549 homes, 268 Factories and warehouses, as well as wells, greenhouses and swathes of agricultural land[lxi].
· Operation “Pillar of Defence”, November 14th – 21st 2012, saw 2500 Palestinians killed, 550 children killed, and some 12,000 homes destroyed.
· Operation “Protective Edge” July 8th – August 26th of 2014, 2,133 Palestinians were killed. Approximately 28% of the population of Gaza was internally displaced with approximately 108,000 homes were left uninhabitable[lxii].
Collective punishment is a war crime. That is what the Blockade of Gaza is – a collective punishment. It’s been in place since Autumn 2007 and as such represents a crime against humanity.
There have been repeated claims that the “Palestinians could have had a state”. However, four issues from the Israeli side have stopped this:
1) Borders – where should they be. The PLO accepted the pre-war 1967 borders[lxiii]. That was the position of the international Community. Israel rejected that – it wanted 9% of the West Bank[lxiv].
2) East Jerusalem belongs to the Palestinian State under international law. Israel rejected this and wants parts of East Jerusalem. (It’s inadmissible to acquire territory by war[lxv], and the UN clearly defines the occupation as illegal[lxvi].)
3) The 7,00 000 illegal Israeli settlers in the Palestinian West Bank[lxvii] – Israel wanted (and still does) to keep 80% of these people under Israeli sovereignty[lxviii].
4) Return of Palestinian refugees – Israel refuses to accept ANY Palestinian refugees[lxix].(International law saws refugees have the right to return after the causation of hostilities[lxx].)
And Mark Regev has been very clear that the Palestinians were never going to get a state of their own[lxxi].
Clinton’s parameters for resolving the conflict required compromise from the Palestinian side, but none from the Israelis. Both sides accepted with reservations. The UN General Assembly passes the “Peaceful Settlement of the Palestine Question”[lxxii] – this resolution has been passed sometimes every year and sometimes with gaps in between. Over the years the voting record repeatedly shows remarkable consistency with the US and Israel being among 8 – 10 (UK, US Canada, Israel, + minor countries vote against it) countries who always vote against, and more than 130+ countries who vote in favour[lxxiii].
The 1987 Intifada was a mass civil non-violent[lxxiv] unrest which was brutally suppressed. Indeed it has been documented that move to a more violent form of resistance was a direct result of Israeli brutal suppression[lxxv].
In March 2018 Hamas attempted non-violent civil resistance. During the ‘Great March of Return’ people marched to the perimeter of Gaza. Israel used its’ snipers to kill medics, children, the disabled including young men on crutches and in wheel chairs[lxxvi]. In all 266 peaceful Palestinian protesters were killed by Israeli (IDF) snipers and approximately 3,000 were injured[lxxvii]. The marchers were calling for the implementation of UN resolution 194 which gave ALL refugees the right of return or financial compensation if they chose not to return[lxxviii].
Israel has legalised torture[lxxix], home demolition[lxxx] (another collective punishment), and it’s own form of hostage taking[lxxxi] with some 2070 Palestinians currently thought to be in ‘administrative detention’. While legal ‘in emergencies’ Israel has used ‘administrative detention since 1967. In 2020, Mr Michael Link (designated by the UN Human Rights Council in 2016 as Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory occupied since 1967) called for an end to administrative detention[lxxxii].
Israel an Apartheid State[lxxxiii]
As far back as December 1948, one of the 21st century’s most influential Jewish thinkers, Albert Einstein (amongst 19 others) wrote to the New York times saying that the Freedom party of Israel led by Menachem Begin, who was the visiting the United States, “openly preached the doctrine of the Fascist state.”[lxxxiv] (Menachem Begin was Prime Miniter of Israel from 1977 to 1983[lxxxv].)
Yeshayahu Leibwitz (who died in 1994 and has been described as “Israel’s conscience”) said; “Our situation will deteriorate to that of a second Vietnam, to a war in constant escalation without prospect of ultimate resolution,”.
He foresaw that:
“the Arabs would be the working people and the Jews the administrators, inspectors, officials, and police — mainly secret police. A state ruling a hostile population of 1.5 million to 2 million foreigners would necessarily become a secret-police state, with all that this implies for education, free speech and democratic institutions.
The corruption characteristic of every colonial regime would also prevail in the State of Israel. The administration would have to suppress Arab insurgency on the one hand and acquire Arab Quislings on the other. There is also good reason to fear that the Israel Defense Force, which has been until now a people’s army, would, as a result of being transformed into an army of occupation, degenerate, and its commanders, who will have become military governors, resemble their colleagues in other nations.”[lxxxvi]
He saw that prolonged occupation of the Palestinians would inevitably spawn “concentration camps.”[lxxxvii]
The crime of Apartheid is defined by the United Nations in 1974 as “establishing and maintaining domination by one racial group of persons over any other racial group of persons and systematically oppressing them” [lxxxviii]. The 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court defined Apartheid as follows: “inhuman acts committed for the purpose of establishing and maintaining domination by one racial group of persons over any other racial group of persons and systematically oppressing them”[lxxxix]. The UN definition of Apartheid includes:
“a) Denial to a member or members of a racial group or groups of the right to life and liberty of person:
(i) By murder of members of a racial group or groups;
(ii) By the infliction upon the members of a racial group or groups of serious bodily or mental harm, by the infringement of their freedom or dignity, or by subjecting them to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
(iii) By arbitrary arrest and illegal imprisonment of the members of a racial group or groups;
(b) Deliberate imposition on a racial group or groups of living conditions calculated to cause its or their physical destruction in whole or in part;
(c) Any legislative measures and other measures calculated to prevent a racial group or groups from participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country and the deliberate creation of conditions preventing the full development of such a group or groups, in particular by denying to members of a racial group or groups basic human rights and freedoms, including the right to work, the right to form recognized trade unions, the right to education, the right to leave and to return to their country, the right to a nationality, the right to freedom of movement and residence, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association;
d) Any measures including legislative measures, designed to divide the population along racial lines by the creation of separate reserves and ghettos for the members of a racial group or groups, the prohibition of mixed marriages among members of various racial groups, the expropriation of landed property belonging to a racial group or groups or to members thereof;” (see endnote 1)
The 1950 Law of Return allows any Jew to ‘return’ to Isael and claim citizenship[xc]. Obviously, the same rights were not afforded to the Arabs. The 1952 Israeli Citizenship Law[xci] was specifically designed to “systemically exclude Arabs from participation in the new state. About 90 percent of the Arab population that remained in Israel were barred from citizenship under the residence requirements and held no nationality.”[xcii]
As recently as May 2018 the Nation State Law did two important things:
1) It defined ‘Settlement’ as a national value. (emphasis added – NB: The Law does not specifically mention the West Bank.) It also said the Israeli state will strive to encourage settlement.
2) It gave national rights to Jewish people only[xciii], i.e. it established that only Jews in Israel have the right to self-determination[xciv].
There are a number of human rights organisations that have characterised Israel as an Apartheid state:
· Adalah: the Legal Centre for Arab Minority Rights in Israel[xcv] (who also supported Amnesty International’s findings[xcvi])
· Addameer: Prisoner Support and Human Rights association[xcvii]
· Al Haq[xcviii]
· Al Mezan Center for Human Rights[xcix]
· Amnesty International[c]
· Human Rights Watch[ci]
· Yesh Din[cii] (like BTselem, is staffed by Jewish Israelis)
The Israeli human rights group B’Tselem divides the Israelli system of apartheid into four areas:
1) Land – since 1948, 90% of historic Palestine is now Israel. Since 1967 280 settlements for 600,000 members of the Jewish population have been built and none for Palestinians.
2) Citizenship – Jews living anywhere in the world can become Israel citizens, Palestinians cannot immigrate of Israeli controlled areas.
3) Freedom of Movement – Israelis enjoy complete freedom of movement (except in the Gaza Strip) and can enter and leave Israel freely. Palestinians cannot move from one enclave to another without a permit, and travel abroad requires Israeli approval.
4) Political participation. Some 5 million Palestinians that live in the occupied enclaves have no participation in the political system that ultimately governs them[ciii].
There are also notable Israelis who have agreed with this analysis:
Israel’s former attorney general, Michael Ben-Yair, says his country is an ‘apartheid regime’ and urged the international community to recognise this[civ]. Zehava Galonm[cv], the former chair of the left wing Meretz[cvi] political party, has written: “Israel does not have to be a discriminatory apartheid state that classifies people as “loyal” occupation supporters or “traitorous leftists.””[cvii] also [cviii]. The following quotes either say that Apartheid could happen or is happening are from notable Israeli politicians including 4 Prime Ministers[cix]:
“DAVID BEN-GURION (former Prime Minister) apparently said: “Israel … better rid itself of the territories and their Arab population as soon as possible. If it did not, Israel would soon become an apartheid state.” – a quote attributed to former Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion by Israeli journalist Hirsh Goodman, after the Six-Day War in 1967[cx].
YITZHAK RABIN (former Prime Minister) said: “I don’t think it’s possible to contain over the long term, if we don’t want to get to apartheid, a million and a half [more] Arabs inside a Jewish state” – former Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin during a TV interview in 1976[cxi].
EHUD BARAK (former Prime Minister) said: “If this bloc of millions of Palestinians cannot vote, that will be an apartheid state.” – remarks at the Herzliya security conference in 2010 from former Prime Minister Ehud Barak[cxii].
EHUD OLMERT (former Prime Minister) said: “If the day comes when the two-state solution collapses, and we face a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights, then, as soon as that happens, the state of Israel is finished.” – former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert in an interview with the Israeli newspaper Haaretz in 2010[cxiii].
YOSSI SARID (for Israeli Environment Minister) said: “What acts like apartheid, is run like apartheid and harasses like apartheid, is not a duck — it is apartheid” – op-ed from former Israeli Environment Minister Yossi Sarid for the Israeli newspaper Haaretz in 2008[cxiv].
SHULAMIT ALONI (Israeli Education Minister) said: “The state of Israel practices its own, quite violent, form of apartheid with the native Palestinian population.” – an op-ed by former Israeli Education Minister Shulamit Aloni for the Israeli news website Ynet in 2006[cxv].
ALON LIEL (former Israeli Ambassador to South Africa) said: “In the situation that exists today, until a Palestinian state is created, we are actually one state. This joint state … is an apartheid state.” – remarks by former Israeli Ambassador to South Africa Alon Liel to a Jerusalem conference in 2013[cxvi].
MEIR DAGAN (former head of Mossad) said: “On the Palestinian matter, [Benjamin Netanyahu’s] policies are leading to either a binational state or an apartheid state.” – Meir Dagan, a former head of Mossad, in a TV interview with Channel 2 in 2015″[cxvii]. (Hassan 2023)
A South African perspective would be relevant not only because ‘apartheid’ is an Africans word, but also the fact that the people of South Africa might have a thing or two to say.. Nelson Mandel said in 1997: “the UN took a strong stand against apartheid; and over the years, an international consensus was built, which helped to bring an end to this iniquitous system. But we know too well that our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians; without the resolution of conflicts in East Timor, the Sudan and other parts of the world.”[cxviii] Whilst in 2013 Bishop Desmond Tutu said: “I know firsthand that Israel has created an apartheid reality within its borders and through its occupation. The parallels to my own beloved South Africa are painfully stark indeed. Realistic Israeli leaders have acknowledged that Israel will either end its occupation through a one or two state solution, or live in an apartheid state in perpetuity. “ In fact the Bishop Desmon Tutu spoke passionately in favour of Palestinian rights and their right to resist[cxix].
The South African Minister Naledy Pandor likens the treatment of Palestinians to the Apartheid regime, and condemns both Hamas and Israel for their war grimes[cxx]. Interestingly, Ali Velshi from MSNBC wrote: “the idea that it’s even remotely controversial to call what Israel has imposed on Palestinians a form of apartheid is laughable”[cxxi].
And obviously as noted in the Genocide section, It was the South African Government that brought the historic complaint against Israel to the ICJ.
Finally, Daniel Levi[cxxii] the former Israeli Negotiator of the Olso Accords agrees that Israel is carrying out apartheid[cxxiii]. Mark Regev (Israeli Ambassador) recently agreed that Israelis live under one legal system and that Palestinians live under military law[cxxiv].
Addendum
The Following are the ‘main points’ from the “Jimmy” Carter’s 2006 book “Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid[cxxv]”:
· For 39 years, Israel has occupied Palestinian land, and has confiscated and colonized hundreds of choice sites
· Often excluded from their former homes, land, and places of worship, protesting Palestinians have been severely dominated and oppressed. There is forced segregation between Israeli settlers and Palestine’s citizens, with a complex pass system required for Arabs to traverse Israel’s multiple checkpoints
· An enormous wall snakes through populated areas of what is left of the West Bank, constructed on wide swaths of bulldozed trees and property of Arab families, obviously designed to acquire more territory and to protect the Israeli colonies already built. (Hamas declared a unilateral cease-fire in August 2004 as its candidates sought local and then national offices, which they claim is the reason for reductions in casualties to Israeli citizens.)
· Combined with this wall, Israeli control of the Jordan River Valley will completely enclose Palestinians in their shrunken and divided territory. Gaza is surrounded by a similar barrier with only two openings, still controlled by Israel. The crowded citizens have no free access to the outside world by air, sea, or land
· The Palestinian people are now being deprived of the necessities of life by economic restrictions imposed on them by Israel and the United States because 42 percent voted for Hamas candidates in this year’s election. Teachers, nurses, policemen, firemen and other employees cannot be paid, and the UN has reported food supplies in Gaza equivalent to those among the poorest families in sub-Sahara Africa, with half the families surviving on one meal a day
· Mahmoud Abbas, first as prime minister and now as president of the Palestinian National Authority and leader of the PLO, has sought to negotiate with Israel for almost six years, without success. Hamas leaders support such negotiations, promising to accept the results if approved by a Palestinian referendum
· UN Resolutions, the Camp David Accords of 1978, the Oslo Agreement of 1993, official US Policy, and the International Roadmap for Peace are all based on the premise that Israel withdraw from occupied territories. Also, Palestinians must accept the same commitment made by the 23 Arab nations in 2002: to recognize Israel’s right to live in peace within its legal borders. These are the two keys to peace”[cxxvi] (emphasis added)
Although his book does not characterise Israel as an Apartheid state and Carter distances himself from that claim, it is interesting to note the conditions described above do fit the UN description rather well.
The 2016 UN’s Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia report concludes:
“121. Israel continues to employ measures and practices that entail violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Concerns have been mounting regarding some of these measures and policies, particularly regarding the violations of the principle of non-discrimination and the right to self-determination.
122. Such policies include the illegal settlement enterprise, collective punishment and disregard for human life and dignity, which affect all aspects of Palestinian society and economy. They also undermine the prospects for peace and entail violations of international law.
123. Israel must end its occupation and comply with international law and legitimacy. There are no prospects for peace unless this happens. The failure of the international community to expedite this outcome will only increase the suffering.”[cxxvii] (full pdf here[cxxviii])
This and the previous report were withdrawn by the UN[cxxix].
The Historical Death Toll[cxxx]
The following figures are taken from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs:
| Year | ICD | PCD | Ratio |
| 2008 | 33 | 899 | 27.2 |
| 2009 | 11 | 1066 | 96.9 |
| 2010 | 8 | 95 | 11.9 |
| 2011 | 12 | 124 | 10.3 |
| 2012 | 7 | 260 | 37.1 |
| 2013 | 6 | 39 | 6.5 |
| 2014 | 88 | 2329 | 26.5 |
| 2015 | 26 | 174 | 6.7 |
| 2016 | 12 | 109 | 9.1 |
| 2017 | 17 | 300 | 17.6 |
| 2018 | 13 | 139 | 10.7 |
| 2019 | 12 | 30 | 2.5 |
| 2020 | 3 | 349 | 116.3 |
| 2021 | 11 | 191 | 17.4 |
| 2022 | 21 | 551 | 26.2 |
| overall | 28.2 | ||
| Key: ICD: Israeli Civilian Deaths; PCD: Palestinian Civilian Deaths | |||
The following graph shows the Israeli and Palestinian Civilian death toll from 2008 – 2022 on the same horizontal scale with the ratio of Palestinians to Israelis.
There has been a great deal of controversy about pro-Palestinians chanting the phrase “From the River to the Sea”. It has been characterised as having genocidal intent against Jewish people. And yet the Likud Party’s platform of 1977 said: “The right of the Jewish people to the land of Israel is eternal and indisputable and is linked with the right to security and peace; therefore, Judea and Samaria will not be handed to any foreign administration; between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty.” [cxxxi] Likud is, of course, Netanyahu’s party. More recently Netanyahu has repeated the phrase[cxxxii], a fact that has gone almost completely unreported. On September 22, 2023, Netanyahu presented a map of Israel to the UN general assembly that showed no Palestinian territory what-so-ever.[cxxxiii]
Interestingly, Israeli National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir spoke an Israeli rally of thousands[cxxxiv] where he spoke of Israeli sovereignty from the “width and breadth” of Israel, and called for the re-settlement of the Gaza strip[cxxxv] (Jan 29.2024).
Site by Chris Hall
Feb. 2024
[i] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tI595leq4U
[ii] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3xLOxx1ggQ (This Katie Halper monologue got her cancelled and fired.)
[iii] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6u6-BymtuZI
[iv] https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@50.7302011,-1.2560275,10z?entry=ttu
[v] https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/6/15/the-seven-border-crossings-of-gaza
[vi] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip
https://www.npr.org/2023/11/04/1210645265/gaza-is-called-an-open-air-prison-how-did-it-get-to-this
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15
[vii] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10778110
[viii] https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concentration%20camp
[ix] https://youtu.be/_TQuGAVVhHU?si=zE2pYZNCg62UwrH-
[x] https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190208-israel-writer-gaza-is-a-concentration-camp/
[xi] https://fathomjournal.org/opinion-a-new-turning-point-in-the-history-of-the-state-of-israel-most-people-dont-understand-that/
[xii] https://mondoweiss.net/2023/11/influential-israeli-national-security-leader-makes-the-case-for-genocide-in-gaza/
[xiii] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling
[xiv] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/coordination-of-government-activities-in-the-territories/govil-landing-page . Check this site for references to CLA.
[xv] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6u6-BymtuZI
[xvi] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0#:~:text=Article%2013%20%2D%20Protection%20of%20the%20civilian%20population,-1.&text=in%20all%20circumstances.-,2.,the%20civilian%20population%20are%20prohibited.
[xvii] https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/Genocide%20Convention-FactSheet-ENG.pdf
[xviii] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ufbfFTi38A
[xix] https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/
[xx] These comments were made on 9th October and published in The Times of Israel on 10th: https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/cogat-chief-addresses-gazans-you-wanted-hell-you-will-get-hell/
[xxi] https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/12/18/it-is-clear-that-israel-is-committing-genocide-in-gaza-un-panel-concludes/
[xxii] https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/collective-punishment/#:~:text=International%20humanitarian%20law%20posits%20that,any%20other%20individuals%20(GCIII%20Art.
See article 87 of the Geneva Convention adopted in 1947:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.32_GC-III-EN.pdf
[xxiii] https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/blogs/2023/no-solution-other-than-a-ceasefire#:~:text=UN%20Secretary%2DGeneral%20Ant%C3%B3nio%20Guterres,might%20be%20to%20end%20it.
[xxiv] https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/statement-francesca-albanese-special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-palestinian-territories-occupied-1967-delivered-78th-session-general-assembly
[xxv] https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231205-un-special-rapporteur-warns-of-serious-risk-of-genocide-in-gaza
[xxvi] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/un-official-resigns-israel-hamas-war-palestine-new-york
[xxvii] https://ccrjustice.org/home/press-center/ccr-news/building-case-us-complicity
[xxviii] October 20.2923. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-stop-attacks-gaza-amounting-genocide-2023-10-20/
[xxix] https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231027-brazil-slams-israels-war-on-gaza-as-genocide/
[xxx] https://twitter.com/clashreport/status/1719959469067550824?lang=en
[xxxi] https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/israel-gaza-isaac-herzog_n_65295ee8e4b03ea0c004e2a8#:~:text=Israel%20gazaHamas-,Israeli%20President%20Suggests%20That%20Civilians%20In%20Gaza%20Are%20Legitimate%20Targets,Palestinians%20to%20evacuate%20their%20homes.
[xxxii] https://www.newsweek.com/israeli-official-calls-doomsday-nuclear-missile-option-1833585#:~:text=An%20Israeli%20lawmaker%20is%20calling,response%20to%20attacks%20by%20Hamas.
[xxxiii] https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/nov/19/there-is-no-alternative-last-resort-defending-morally-wrong-acts-gaza-rwanda#:~:text=Or%2C%20as%2
[xxxiv] Secondary source: https://law4palestine.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Database-of-Israeli-Incitement-to-Genocide-DECISION-MAKERS.pdf
Quoted primary sources:
[xxxv] https://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/syndicated/damage-accuracy-israel-admits-bombing-campaign-gaza-not-limited-military-targets/ and https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/10/right-now-it-is-one-day-at-a-time-life-on-israels-frontline-with-gaza
[xxxvi] https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/11/benjamin-netanyahu-amalek-israel-palestine-gaza-saul-samuel-old-testament/
[xxxvii] https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust
[xxxviii] https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/18/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/
[xxxix] https://www.google.com/search?q=Marion+Kaplan+Skirball+Professor+of+Modern+Jewish+History+book+awards&rlz=1C1CHBD_enGB1034GB1035&oq=Marion+Kaplan+Skirball+Professor+of+Modern+Jewish+History+book+awards&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOdIBCDQyNThqMGo0qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
[xl] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_Bartov
[xli] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-09/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-israeli-army-has-dropped-the-restraint-in-gaza-and-data-shows-unprecedented-killing/0000018c-4cca-db23-ad9f-6cdae8ad0000?lts=1705996190055<s=1705996205478<s=1705996218945<s=1705996947631
[xlii] https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/
[xliii] https://truthout.org/articles/the-dahiya-doctrine-state-terrorism-and-a-philosophy-of-war-crime/
[xliv] https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/terrorism/#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Security%20Council,provoke%20a%20state%20of%20terror
[xlv] Civilians are 7 times more likely to be killed than combatants in the current conflict. Laith Abu Reddad interviewed On Al Jazeera 21.01024. Original paper here: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/53w4t
[xlvi] https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/192-20231229-pre-01-00-en.pdf
[xlvii] https://law4palestine.org/law-for-palestine-releases-database-with-500-instances-of-israeli-incitement-to-genocide-continuously-updated/
[xlviii] https://crimesbyisrael.com/
[l] https://youtu.be/7tI595leq4U?si=TyGiBgtImaCn1yJG
[li] https://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc2287.html
[lii] https://observer.com/2016/10/2006-audio-emerges-of-hillary-clinton-proposing-rigging-palestine-election/#.WBPREwZx5xw.twitter
[liii] https://www.prb.org/resources/the-west-bank-and-gaza-a-population-profile/
See also https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/palestinian-refugees-dispossession
[liv] https://www.npr.org/2023/10/19/1206479861/israel-gaza-hamas-children-population-war-palestinians
[lv] https://abcnews.go.com/International/women-children-disproportionately-impacted-conflict-gaza-experts/story?id=104655493
[lvi] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/16/israel
See the IDF study on restricting the diet of Palestinians here: https://www.gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/redlines/red-lines-presentation-eng.pdf
https://www.mei.edu/publications/gaza-verge
[lvii] Check this but I’m sure it’s in Annie Jacobsen’s “Operation Paperclip” https://www.amazon.co.uk/Operation-Paperclip-Intelligence-Program-Scientists/dp/031622104X
Further references of the use of starvation as a deliberate tool against Jews in Nazi Germany:
https://www.nobelpeacecenter.org/en/news/hitler-s-hungerplan
https://www.mp.pl/auschwitz/journal/english/215170,hunger-disease-in-auschwitz
[lviii] See: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/mow-lawn-israel%E2%80%99s-strategy-perpetual-war-palestinians-185775
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/14/israel-gaza-history/
[lix] https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/mde150212009eng.pdf
[lx] https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/07/ten-years-first-war-gaza-operation-cast-lead-israel-brute-force
[lxi] https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/05/13/i-lost-everything/israels-unlawful-destruction-property-during-operation-cast-lead
[lxii] https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9975.html
[lxiii] https://www.un.org/unispal/document/statement-by-oic-secretary-general-at-the-high-level-event-commemorating-the-75th-anniversary-of-the-nakba-non-un-document/
[lxiv] Israel claimed the pre-1967 borders were ‘indefensible’ see: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-1967-border-the-quot-green-line-quot
https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/89215
[lxv] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/06/annexation-flagrant-violation-international-law-says-un-human-rights-expert#:~:text=The%20Special%20Rapporteur%20observed%20that,aggression%20or%20a%20defensive%20war.
[lxvi] https://www.un.org/unispal/document/ceirpp-legal-study2023/
[lxvii] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/6/who-are-israeli-settlers-and-why-do-they-live-on-palestinian-lands
[lxviii] https://www.timesofisrael.com/pm-remote-settlements-will-become-enclaves-in-sub-sovereign-palestinian-entity/
[lxix] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/05/israels-refusal-to-grant-palestinian-refugees-right-to-return-has-fuelled-seven-decades-of-suffering/
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/15/75-years-later-israel-blocking-palestinian-refugees-return
see also the failure to recognise the Palestinian Right of Return may be the cause of the failure of the ‘Oslo Accords’: https://www.slowboring.com/p/palestinian-right-of-return-matters Also: https://tcf.org/content/report/neither-intractable-unique-practical-solution-palestinian-right-return/
[lxx] https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule132
[lxxi] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TxlFH3ZbFY
[lxxii] https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-183807/#:~:text=The%20resolution%20reaffirms%20the%20global,living%20side%20by%20side%20with
[lxxiii] https://unwatch.org/database/country-info/?country_voted=24127 load as many records as possible and then do a [Ctrl]+[f] search for Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine. Voting record are available for each resolution.
[lxxiv] https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second
[lxxv][lxxv] https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada
[lxxvi] https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-independent-commission-of-inquiry-on-protests-in-gaza-presents-its-findings-press-release/#:~:text=The%20report%20focuses%20on%20the,human%20rights%20and%20humanitarian%20law.
[lxxvii] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/30/gazas-great-march-of-return-protests-explained see also:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2018/10/gaza-great-march-of-return/
[lxxviii] https://www.unrwa.org/content/resolution-194
[lxxix] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/09/israel-opt-legally-sanctioned-torture-of-palestinian-detainee-left-him-in-critical-condition/
https://www.omct.org/en/resources/blog/its-now-even-more-official-torture-is-legal-in-israel
[lxxx] https://icahd.org/2021/04/20/the-demolition-of-palestinian-homes-by-israel-a-fact-sheet/
[lxxxi] see: [references needed]
Addameer notes that currently there are some 7,000 political prisoners in Israel, some 2070 are currently in ‘Administrative Detention’: https://addameer.org/statistics
[lxxxii] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/10/un-expert-calls-israel-end-practice-administrative-detention-and-immediately
For more on administrative detention see: https://www.addameer.org/israeli_military_judicial_system/administrative_detention; see also: https://www.btselem.org/administrative_detention/statistics (the graphs are particularly useful).
[lxxxiii] On first draft, most of what is provided above are plausible references for the excellent Katie Halper monologue: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3xLOxx1ggQ
[lxxxiv] https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/einstein/1948/12/02.htm; https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-12-04/ty-article/.premium/1948-n-y-times-letter-by-einstein-slams-begin/0000017f-e28e-d38f-a57f-e6de6e7d0000; https://www.nytimes.com/1948/12/03/archives/einstein-statement-assails-begin-party.html
[lxxxv] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menachem-Begin
[lxxxvi] Text quoted from Chris Hedges ‘ScheerPost’; https://consortiumnews.com/2023/10/09/chris-hedges-palestinians-speak-israels-language/ Leibwitz said ”Israel,” .. “would not deserve to exist, and it will not be worthwhile to preserve it.” See also: https://chrishedges.substack.com/p/the-chris-hedges-report-with-ilan-pappe
[lxxxviii] https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.10_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Apartheid.pdf
[lxxxix] https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
[xc] https://www.nbn.org.il/life-in-israel/government-services/rights-and-benefits/the-law-of-return/#:~:text=The%20Law%20of%20Return%2C%20granting,other%20passed%20March%2010%2C%201970.
[xci] https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4ec20.html
[xcii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law#:~:text=They%20could%20only%20acquire%20citizenship,the%20country%20before%20claiming%20citizenship.
[xciii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20most%20important,which%20the%20state%20was%20established%22.
[xciv] https://www.vox.com/world/2018/7/31/17623978/israel-jewish-nation-state-law-bill-explained-apartheid-netanyahu-democracy
[xcv] https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/10770#:~:text=In%20its%20conclusions%2C%20Adalah%20enumerates,governing%20the%20International%20Criminal%20Court.
[xcvi] https://yubanet.com/world/human-rights-organizations-from-israel-condemn-vicious-attacks-on-amnesty-international/
[xcvii] https://www.addameer.org/news/4938
[xcviii] https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/20931.html
[xcix] https://www.mezan.org/en/post/45585/Israeli-Apartheid
[c] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2022/02/israels-system-of-apartheid/
[ci] https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution
[cii] https://www.yesh-din.org/en/the-occupation-of-the-west-bank-and-the-crime-of-apartheid-legal-opinion/
[ciii][ciii] https://www.btselem.org/apartheid
[civ] https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-apartheid-amnesty-report-attorney-general
[cv] https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-02-27/ty-article-opinion/.highlight/israels-apartheid-revolution/00000186-8f06-de76-a7bf-bf87fab90000
[cvi] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehava_Galon
[cvii] https://www.972mag.com/israel-doesnt-apartheid-state/
[cviii] https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Left-appalled-by-citizenship-ruling
[cix] The following text and examples are from: https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/saying-israel-guilty-apartheid-isn-t-antisemitic-just-ask-these-n1268785
[cx] https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lUvqer1w-QcC&pg=PT90&lpg=PT90&dq=goodman+%E2%80%9CIsrael,+he+said,+better+rid+itself+of+the+territories+and+their+Arab%22&source=bl&ots=Na_9AXDQLf&sig=GO3CVwyvouKN3Uajas4szJoMsZ0&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=goodman%20%E2%80%9CIsrael%2C%20he%20said%2C%20better%20rid%20itself%20of%20the%20territories%20and%20their%20Arab%22&f=false
[cxi] https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-1976-interview-rabin-likens-settlements-to-cancer-warns-of-apartheid/
[cxii] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/03/barak-apartheid-palestine-peace
[cxiii] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7118937.stm
[cxiv] https://www.haaretz.com/2008-04-25/ty-article/yes-it-is-apartheid/0000017f-da82-d494-a17f-de832a9d0000
[cxv] https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0701/S00070/shulamit-aloni-there-is-apartheid-in-israel.htm
[cxvi] https://www.timesofisrael.com/joint-israel-west-bank-reality-is-an-apartheid-state/
[cxvii] https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Ex-Mossad-chief-Dagan-pans-Netanyahus-bulls-speech-to-Congress-393162
[cxviii] http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1997/971204_palestinian.htm
[cxix] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3-WhFssRQI and same clip in colour here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZbIBb7gVuQ as well as
[cxx] Play past the first part of the speech: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8We9OCg3qRg
[cxxi] https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/israel-s-bombing-gaza-ignores-palestinians-right-exist-n1267585
[cxxii] https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/08/26/israeli-ex-diplomat-says-growing-acknowledgement-apartheid-must-be-wakeup-call
[cxxiii] https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc15006.doc.htm
[cxxiv] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjH1YjjrqsI
[cxxv] https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9345.Palestine
[cxxvi] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid
[cxxvii] https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-189946/
[cxxviii] Go to here https://documents.un.org/prod/ods.nsf/xpSearchResultsM.xsp and search for symbol: A/70/82|E/2015/13
[cxxix] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vV0AXHzgiIg
[cxxx] https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties
[cxxxi] https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/original-party-platform-of-the-likud-party
[cxxxii] See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8JDQH9QvSc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9KNP9jty40
[cxxxiii][cxxxiii] https://www.commondreams.org/news/netanyahu-map#:~:text=Israeli%20Prime%20Minister%20Benjamin%20Netanyahu%20angered%20Palestinians%20and%20their%20defenders,General%20Assembly%20in%20New%20York.
[cxxxiv] https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/right-wing-israeli-ministers-join-thousands-event-calling-countrys-res-rcna135863
[cxxxv] Reported on Al Jazeera News 28.01.24.